Owner Scorecard


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D, Dominion Energy Inc.

Electric Utilities capital-intensive Regulated utilityCyclical

Dominion Energy is required to provide collateral to counterparties under some circumstances.

Latest annual: FY2025 10-K
D · Dominion Energy Inc.
I

The business

What it sells, where the money comes from, the kind of company it is.

Revenue · FY2025
$16.5B
+14.2% YoY · 3% 5-yr CAGR
Vital signs · TTM, with 5-yr average
Revenue $18.1B 5-yr avg $14.1B
Operating margin 21.1% 5-yr avg 20.2%
ROIC 4% 5-yr avg 4%
Owner-earnings margin 16% 5-yr avg 18%
Free cash flow margin −40% 5-yr avg −44%

The business in brief

read the 10-K →

What this business is and what moves its needle, from its own SEC filings.

Situation
Regulated utility. Returns are set by regulation on an approved rate base; the capital spending regulators approve becomes the growth, recovered through allowed rates. Cyclical. Margins collapse and recover repeatedly across the record; a single year, good or bad, misstates the through-cycle earning power.
What moves the needle
Operating margin has run about 23% through the cycle, a solid margin the cost base and competition set as much as the price does. The margin is cyclical, swinging between 10% and 31% over the years, so the through-cycle figure carries more than any single year — and the balance sheet at the trough more than the peak. Capital spending runs about 44% of sales, well above depreciation, so the return earned on what it sinks into that plant weighs as much as the margin. Read this kind of business on rate base and the allowed return. On its own account, the filing leans hardest on supplier & input dependence, set against the numbers in what the filing emphasizes, below.
Is it a good business?
Return on capital has rarely cleared the cost of capital (median 4%, above 15% in 0 of 9 years). By owner earnings: roughly 21% of revenue reaches owners as cash, consistently. Modest returns here are the design, not a verdict: a regulated utility's prices are set by commission, so the questions are the return the regulator allows, how fast the invested base it earns that return on is growing, and the health of the relationship with the commissions that decide both — all of which live in the 10-K, not the multiple.

Every line is arithmetic on the company's filings, shown in full in the sections below.

II

The record

Ten years of arithmetic, read across the cycle.

Most recent quarterly filing 10-Q filed Jul 31, 2026 Source at SEC EDGAR →

Revenue up 17.6% year over year; operating income down 70.0%

figures computed from the filing's XBRL

The record, 2016–2025

realized figures from each filing · older years to the left
2016’162017’172018’182019’192020’202021’212022’222023’232024’242025’25TTMTTMJun 2026
Income statement
$11.7B$12.6B$11.2B$14.4B$14.2B$11.4B$13.9B$14.4B$14.5B$16.5B$18.1BRevenueRevenue
$3.4B$3.9B$3.0B$1.5B$2.1B$2.0B$1.4B$3.4B$3.2B$4.4B$3.8BOperating incomeOp. inc.
29.4%31.3%26.9%10.7%14.5%17.5%10.4%23.7%22.5%26.7%21.1%Operating marginOp. mgn
$2.9B$3.1B$2.6B$869M$1.4B$1.9B$328M$2.7B$2.2B$3.6BPretax incomePretax
$2.1B$3.0B$2.4B$1.4B($401M)$3.4B$1.2B$2.0B$2.0B$3.0B$2.5BNet incomeNet inc.
23%-1%20%24%6%-10%18%24%19%15%15%Effective tax rateTax rate
Cash flow & returns
$4.2B$4.5B$4.8B$5.2B$5.2B$4.0B$3.7B$6.6B$5.0B$5.4B$5.4BOperating cash flowOp. cash
$1.6B$1.9B$1.7B$2.3B$2.3B$2.1B$2.4B$2.6B$2.3B$2.4B$2.5BDepreciationDeprec.
$469M($402M)$666M$1.6B$3.3B($1.5B)$67M$2.0B$639M($24M)$384MWorking capital & otherWC & other
$6.1B$5.5B$4.3B$5.0B$12.7B$12.7BCapexCapex
51.8%43.7%38.0%34.6%76.7%69.8%Capex / revenueCapex/rev
$2.6B$2.6B$3.1B$2.9B$3.0B$2.9BOwner earningsOwner earn.
22.1%20.6%27.8%20.3%18.0%16.1%Owner earnings marginOE mgn
($1.9B)($1.0B)$519M$224M($7.3B)($7.3B)Free cash flowFCF
−16.5%−8.0%4.6%1.6%−44.2%−40.1%Free cash flow marginFCF mgn
$1.7B$1.9B$2.2B$3.0B$2.9B$2.0B$2.2B$2.2B$2.2B$2.3B$2.3BDividends paidDiv. paid
($10.7B)($5.9B)($2.4B)($4.6B)($2.9B)($6.2B)($6.7B)($7.2B)($3.2B)($13.0B)Investing cash flowInv. cash
$6.2B$1.3B($2.2B)($704M)($2.3B)$2.4B$3.0B$595M($1.8B)$7.6BFinancing cash flowFin. cash
($310M)($137M)$206M($122M)($22M)$161M($67M)($40M)$64M($22M)Change in cashΔ cash
6%8%5%2%3%2%4%4%5%4%ROICROIC
15%17%12%4%-2%12%4%7%8%10%9%Return on equityROE
3%6%1%−5%−13%5%−4%−1%−1%2%1%Retained to equityRetained/eq
Balance sheet
$261M$120M$268M$135M$172M$283M$119M$184M$310M$250M$796MCash & investmentsCash+inv
$1.5B$1.7B$1.7B$2.1B$2.3B$2.2B$2.2B$2.3B$2.2B$2.5B$2.8BReceivablesReceiv.
$1.0B$875M$914M$1.0B$944M$1.2B$1.2B$921M$1.1B$1.3B$1.2BAccounts payablePayables
$523M$785M$835M$1.1B$1.4B$1.0B$994M$1.3B$1.0B$1.2B$3.5BOperating working capitalOper. WC
$4.2B$4.3B$5.2B$6.1B$6.9B$7.3B$9.8B$25.4B$6.6B$8.1B$9.7BCurrent assetsCur. assets
$8.1B$9.6B$7.6B$9.9B$10.8B$8.7B$13.4B$24.5B$9.3B$10.4B$12.0BCurrent liabilitiesCur. liab.
0.5×0.4×0.7×0.6×0.6×0.8×0.7×1.0×0.7×0.8×0.8×Current ratioCurr. ratio
$50.0B$53.8B$54.6B$57.2B$57.8B$59.8B$52.3B$58.8B$68.9B$79.0BNet PP&ENet PP&E
$2.7B$2.8B$3.2B$8.5B$9.8B$10.1B$10.1B$9.7B$9.3B$9.7BRegulatory assetsReg. assets
$2.8B$7.1B$7.2B$10.7B$11.0B$11.7B$9.2B$9.2B$9.3B$9.6BRegulatory liabilitiesReg. liab.
$6.4B$6.4B$4.9B$7.4B$7.4B$4.3B$4.1B$4.1B$4.1B$4.1B$4.1BGoodwillGoodwill
$71.6B$76.6B$77.9B$103.8B$95.9B$99.6B$104.8B$109.1B$102.4B$115.9B$121.9BTotal assetsAssets
$31.9B$34.3B$35.1B$37.1B$35.5B$37.7B$41.9B$40.2B$39.3B$46.3B$49.4BTotal debtDebt
$31.7B$34.2B$34.8B$37.0B$35.3B$37.4B$41.8B$40.0B$39.0B$46.1B$48.6BNet debt / (cash)Net debt
$1.0B$1.2B$1.3B$1.5B$1.4B$1.3B$1.0B$1.7B$1.9B$2.0B$2.2BInterest expenseInt. exp.
3.4×3.3×2.4×1.0×1.5×1.6×1.4×2.0×1.7×2.2×1.8×Interest coverageInt. cov.
$54.8B$57.2B$55.9B$69.8B$69.4B$70.7B$77.1B$81.5B$72.6B$82.4BTotal liabilitiesTotal liab.
$2.2B$2.2B$1.9B$2.0B$344M$0$0$2.9B$4.3BNoncontrolling interestsNCI
$14.6B$17.1B$20.1B$32.0B$26.1B$27.3B$27.7B$27.6B$26.9B$29.1B$28.9BShareholders’ equityEquity
Per share
617M636M655M809M831M809M825M837M839M855M882MShares out (diluted)Shares
$19.02$19.79$17.10$17.80$17.05$14.12$16.90$17.21$17.23$19.30$20.54Revenue / shareRev/sh
$3.44$4.72$3.74$1.68$-0.48$4.20$1.44$2.35$2.42$3.51$2.87EPS (diluted)EPS
$4.20$4.08$4.75$3.61$3.48$3.31Owner earnings / shareOE/sh
$-3.13$-1.58$0.79$0.28$-8.53$-8.23Free cash flow / shareFCF/sh
$2.80$3.04$3.34$3.69$3.46$2.52$2.68$2.67$2.67$2.66$2.62Dividends / shareDiv/sh
$9.86$8.65$6.50$6.16$14.79$14.34Cap. spending / shareCapex/sh
$23.67$26.95$30.70$39.55$31.43$33.78$33.53$32.96$32.00$34.00$32.79Book value / shareBVPS
Per-share growththe realized rate an owner's share compounded
9-yr5-yr
Revenue / share+0.2%/yr+2.5%/yr
Owner earnings / share−2.1%/yr
EPS+0.2%/yr
Dividends / share−0.5%/yr−5.1%/yr
Capital spending / share+4.6%/yr
Book value / share+4.1%/yr+1.6%/yr

Where the cash went

ReinvestBuybacksDividendsAcquisitionsRetainedBeyond op. cash

Each year's outlays against its operating cash: the mix, and how it drifts. The hatched cap is spending beyond that year's operating cash — financed from the balance sheet or borrowing, not operations.

FY2016FY2025

Net income is the accountant's number; owner earnings is the cash an owner could take out. The walk between them, off the cash-flow statement, and whether the gap is widening or holding.

In fiscal 2025 the business earned $3.0B of owner earnings, the operating cash left after the $2.4B it takes just to hold its position. It put $10.3B more into growth; free cash flow, after that spending, was ($7.3B).

Reported net income$3.0B
Owner earnings$3.0B · 18% of revenue
FY2025FY2019FY2018FY2017FY2016
Reported net income$3.0B$1.4B$2.4B$3.0B$2.1B
Depreciation & amortizationnon-cash charge added back+$2.4B+$2.3B+$1.7B+$1.9B+$1.6B
Working capital & othertiming of cash in and out, other non-cash items−$24M+$1.6B+$666M−$402M+$469M
Cash from operations$5.4B$5.2B$4.8B$4.5B$4.2B
Maintenance capital expenditurethe spending needed just to hold position and volume−$2.4B−$2.3B−$1.7B−$1.9B−$1.6B
Owner earnings$3.0B$2.9B$3.1B$2.6B$2.6B
Growth capital expenditurediscretionary; spent to get bigger, not to stand still−$10.3B−$2.7B−$2.6B−$3.6B−$4.5B
Free cash flow($7.3B)$224M$519M($1.0B)($1.9B)
Owner-earnings marginowner earnings ÷ revenue18%20%28%21%22%

Owner earnings is the cash an owner could pull out without starving the business: operating cash less the maintenance capital it must spend to hold its position (here about $2.4B, roughly its depreciation, the rate its assets wear out). The other $10.3B of its capital spending is growth it chose, not upkeep it owed; charged only with the maintenance it must do, the business earns well more than the year's free cash flow shows.

A regulated utility reads differently here. What it spends above depreciation goes into rate base, where the commission lets it earn the allowed return and recover the capital, with interest, over decades — growth that is financed, not taken out of owners' pockets this year. So the truth sits between the bridge's two ends: owner earnings excuses the build-out entirely, free cash flow charges it entirely, and the scorecard's utility-plant figure shows how fast the base earning that return is compounding.

Maintenance capex is estimated as depreciation where a growing business invests above it; free cash flow is the figure the scorecard's free-cash margin reads.

III

Quality & stewardship

Returns, the balance sheet, capital allocation, and pay.

Owner’s Scorecard

FY2025 10-K · source on SEC EDGAR →

The allowed return, earned and credited

  • Earning the allowed return
    Median over 10 readable years · latest FY2025: 10.3% (net income $3.0B ÷ equity $29.1B)
    What this means

    A commission caps what a regulated utility may earn on shareholders' capital, so the question is not whether the return is high but whether the company actually earns what it is allowed — persistent under-earning means costs the regulator will not put in rates, and a return above the band usually means unregulated businesses in the mix. Read through the record, because a single year carries rate-case timing noise.

  • AFUDC in earnings 5.1%
    Construction credit in earnings
    Equity allowance for funds used during construction $152M ÷ net income $3.0B
    What this means

    While a plant is under construction the commission lets the utility credit itself the allowed return on the capital tied up — a real, allowed profit that arrives as a bookkeeping entry now and as cash only after the plant enters rates. A large share means heavy reinvestment at the allowed return, the thing Berkshire's utility letters prize; it also means that much of this year's earnings has not yet been collected from anyone.

The invested base and the regulatory ledger

  • Utility plant in service
    Not enough data
    What this means

    No undimensioned utility-plant figure is tagged in this filer's structured data.

  • Regulatory assets & liabilities $9.7B / $9.6B
    Owed recovery from ratepayers
    Regulatory assets $9.7B · regulatory liabilities $9.6B · net $42M asset position, as filed
    What this means

    The ledger of the regulatory relationship: assets are costs the commission has agreed the utility may collect from ratepayers in future rates, liabilities are amounts it must give back. Both are promises whose worth depends entirely on the commissions that made them — which is why they are shown as filed and never netted into earnings adjustments here.

Graham’s defensive tests · 3 of 5 met

Graham’s numerical criteria for the defensive investor (The Intelligent Investor, ch. 14), run on the filings. A floor of safety, not a buy signal; many fine modern businesses fail his strictest liquidity rules by design.

  • Adequate size Pass
    Revenue ≥ $2B · $16.5B
    What this means

    Big enough to weather a storm. Graham's 1972 floor was ~$100M of sales (≈ $700M today); we use a $2B revenue line as a conservative modern stand-in.

  • Strong liquidity
    Current ratio ≥ 2× (waived for utilities) · exempt
    What this means

    Graham exempted public utilities from this test: their working capital “takes care of itself” through the continuous bond-and-share financing of growth, so a thin current ratio is the industry's structure, not a warning. His substitute test — debt no more than twice book equity — is the next line.

  • Conservative debt Pass
    Debt ≤ 2× equity (Graham's utility test) · $49.4B vs $29.1B equity
    What this means

    Graham's own substitution for public utilities: debt not exceeding twice the stock equity at book value, in place of the working-capital tests an industrial faces. A utility finances its plant with bonds by design; the question is whether the borrowing stays inside the equity behind it.

  • Earnings stability Near
    A profit every year (10-yr record) · 1 loss year
    What this means

    Graham wanted earnings in each of the past ten years, the stability a defensive owner leans on.

  • Dividend record Pass
    Uninterrupted dividends · paid every year (10)
    What this means

    An unbroken dividend was Graham's mark of durability. He wanted twenty years; the filings show about ten, and a single suspension breaks the streak. Non-payers, many fine modern compounders, fall outside his defensive net by design.

  • Earnings growth Miss
    Earnings +33% over the record · −8%
    What this means

    At least a third more earnings than a decade ago, averaging three years at each end. Net income (not per-share), so stock splits don't distort it, buybacks and dilution show up in the share-count line instead.

  • Moderate price
    P/E ≤ 15 and P/E × P/B ≤ 22.5 · decided by the price
    What this means

    Graham's valuation gate, the wall he kept between a sound business and a sound investment. Three-year average earnings are $2.65/share (latest year $3.41), the averaged base the calculator's gate runs on, and book value is $33.07/share. Enter a price in “What the price implies” just below for the P/E, P/B, and whether it clears. But this is the rule Buffett outgrew: there's no hard P/E law, and a wonderful business can deserve a far richer multiple if the thesis holds, treat it as the bargain-hunter's floor, not a verdict on the price.

Durability & moat, 2016–2025

Whether the record’s returns held, and what the capital reinvested earned.

  • Profitable years 9 of 10
    What this means

    Lost money in 1 year(s), look at what happened there before trusting the average.

  • Return on capital ≥ 15% 0 of 10 yrs
    What this means

    A moat shows up as a high return on invested capital that holds year after year, not one good vintage.

  • Operating margin 29% → 24% (3-yr avg ends)
    What this means

    The recent-years average (24%) sits below the early years (29%), but the latest year (27%) is back near the early level: a cyclical trough dragging the window down, not a one-way slide. The through-cycle median is 22% — read it across the cycle, not on the dip.

  • Reinvestment, incremental ROIC −0%
    What this means

    Reinvested capital came back at a negative incremental return over this window — the invested base grew while operating profit did not. The filings show where it went.

  • Owner earnings growth +1%/yr
    What this means

    Owner earnings grew about 1% a year over the record.

  • Worst year 2022 · 10.4% op. margin
    What this means

    Stayed profitable even in its hardest year, the resilience that survives recessions.

  • Share count +3.7%/yr
    What this means

    The share count is rising, dilution works against you on a per-share basis.

  • Dividend record rising
    What this means

    Paid and raised the dividend across the record, the continuity Graham prized.

All figures as filed; the source filing is linked above.

Current Position

as of the latest quarter, Jun 30, 2026

Can the business pay what it owes this year, off the freshest balance sheet: the quality of the assets, the debt actually coming due, and what a low ratio means here.

Current assets$9.7B
  • Cash & short-term investments$796M
  • Receivables$2.8B
  • Inventory$2.0B
  • Other current assets$4.1B
Current liabilities$12.0B
  • Debt due within a year$3.1B
  • Accounts payable$1.2B
  • Other current liabilities$7.7B
Current ratio0.81×all current assets ÷ what's due · Graham looked for 2×
Quick ratio0.64×stricter: inventory excluded
Cash ratio0.07×strictest: cash alone against what's due
Working capital($2.3B)the cushion left after near-term bills
Debt due this year vs. cash$3.1B due · $796M cash cash alone won't cover the maturities; it leans on refinancing or operating cash · both figures from the Jun 30, 2026 balance sheet
Revenue, latest quarter vs. a year ago+17.6%the freshest read on whether the business is still growing
Current ratio, recent quarters0.7× → 0.8×
Deeper floors
Tangible book value$23.1Bequity stripped of goodwill & intangibles
Net current asset value($78.6B)Graham's net-net: current assets less all liabilities
Debt incl. operating leases$50.2B$736M of it operating leases

From the company's latest filing.

How the cash was used, 2016–2025

Over the record, the business generated $24.0B of operating cash; how management split it reads as a reinvestor, most operating cash is plowed back into the business.

  • Reinvested$33.5B · 140%
  • Dividends$11.1B · 46%
  • Returned to owners$11.1B

    78% of the owner earnings the business produced over the span, $11.1B as dividends and $0 as buybacks.

  • Source of funding−$20.6B

    Reinvestment and shareholder returns ran $20.6B beyond the operating cash the business generated, so the gap was financed off the balance sheet: debt rose from $31.9B to $49.4B.

  • Net change in share count42.9%

    The diluted count rose from 617M to 882M: issuance (stock pay, deals) outran any buybacks, so owners were diluted on net.

  • Dividend record$2.66/sh

    Paid in 5 of the years on record, the per-share dividend shrinking about 1% a year. It was cut at least once along the way.

  • Return on what it retained

    Not read here: owner earnings are negative over the span, or the company returned nearly all its earnings rather than retaining them, so there is too little retained to measure a return on.

Buybacks are gross of stock issued to staff; the share-count line above is the net of that, the figure that decides whether owners gained. The average price paid blends a year of purchases (and any accelerated repurchase), so it is close, not exact. The record of where the cash went and on what terms.

Management, ownership & pay

read the proxy →

From the proxy: how much of the business the people running it own, and how they are paid, beside what the business earned for its owners in the same years.

Fiscal yearChief executivePay, as filed“Actually paid”Net income
2021Mr. Blue$8.2M$7.8M$3.4B
2022Mr. Blue$6.8M$5.1M$1.2B
2023Mr. Blue$6.3M$2.9M$2.0B
2024Mr. Blue$12.9M$13.7M$2.0B
2025Mr. Blue$16.0M$16.7M$3.0B

Both pay figures are the company’s own, from the pay-versus-performance table its proxy statement files. “As filed” is the Summary Compensation Table total: salary, bonus, and equity awards at their value on the day of grant. “Actually paid” is the SEC’s prescribed recalculation, which re-marks those equity awards to what they became as they vested; it can swing far above or below the filed figure in either direction, and negative years occur. Net income is the whole business's, as filed, for the same fiscal years.

  • CEO pay ratio107:1

    What the chief earns for every dollar the median employee makes, per the 2026 proxy. A high ratio alone settles nothing; some businesses are genuinely top-heavy in scarce skill. A runaway figure is where Buffett starts asking whether the board is doing its job.

Peers, Electric Utilities

The same industry, side by side on owner economics. Each column names the period it is read over; the group median at the foot is the line to read each figure against.

CompanyRevenuelatest FY, USDROEmedian over the recordPlant growthannualized over the recordDividend / cashmedian over the record
NEENextEra Energy Inc.$27.4B12%33%
AEPAmerican Electric Power Company Inc.$21.9B10%9.7%30%
EIXEdison International$19.3B6%6.2%25%
DDominion Energy Inc.$16.5B9%45%
DTBDTE Energy Co$15.8B11%5.8%26%
FEFirstEnergy Corp.$15.1B9%7.5%33%
ESEversource Energy (D/B/A)$13.5B9%8.9%35%
ETREntergy Corporation$12.9B10%7.3%25%
Group median9%31%
IV

The price

What a price has to assume.

What the price implies

reverse-DCF

Type today's close and see the owner-earnings growth you'd have to believe to justify it, beside what Dominion Energy Inc. has delivered.

Dominion Energy Inc.’s latest year shows negative owner earnings, the mark of a build-out: total capital spending outruns the cash the business throws off today. So the tool opens on the steady-state base (maintenance capex in place of the build-out spend), the cash it would earn at rest; clear the toggle below to read the latest year exactly as reported.

$

Through the cycle, Dominion Energy Inc. earns about $3.4B on its 20.6% median owner-earnings margin. This year’s 18.0% margin runs in line with that. Normalize, below, values the price on that through-cycle figure rather than the latest year.

Base

The assumptions

9.0% = the 4.68% 10-year Treasury (Jul 30, 2026) + 4.32 points of equity premium. The rate you require is yours to set.

Enter a price above to run it.

Implied by the price
Owner-earnings growth · ’16→’25+1%/yr
Owner-earnings yield
P/E (3-yr earnings ’23–’25)
P/B
Graham’s price gate

Graham capped the multiple at 15×; Buffett and Munger let that rule go: a wonderful business can deserve 50× if the thesis holds. The gate marks the bargain-hunter's floor.

Against a high-grade bond: Graham’s yardstick bond yield%

Prefilled with the 10-year Treasury (4.68%, as of Jul 30, 2026). Edit it for today’s exact figure, or a AAA corporate yield.

Graham measured a stock against the bond you could own instead, the heart of his margin of safety. Enter a price above to weigh the owner-earnings yield against this bond.

Free cash flow ($7.3B) on 880M shares outstanding, per the 10-Q cover, as of 2026-07-24; net debt $48.6B. The base opens on the steady-state figure (the latest year is negative on total capex mid-build-out); clear Steady-state to use the year as filed. Net of stock comp treats option pay as the expense it is. Capex ($12.7B) runs well above depreciation ($2.5B), so this is a build-out; Steady-state swaps total capex for maintenance (≈ depreciation), lifting the base to about $3.0B, the cash it would throw off if it stopped expanding. The dials set the multiple a growth belief justifies; the price, and every dollar on this page, is yours.

Cite: Owner Scorecard, "Dominion Energy Inc. (D), the owner's record," https://ownerscorecard.com/c/D, data as of 2026-07-18.

Manual order: ← CZR its page in the Manual DAKT →

Industry order: ← CWEN the Electric Utilities chapter DTB →